Grillot, ‚Dans le Haut-Congo Fran9ais \ MC (step one9step one4), 140-1
96 AOM, AP648, Decree to the creation of a Commune from the Brazzaville, 5 October 1911; address out of Governor-Standard Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 331; AOM, 4(2)D7, Annual report of Moyen-Congo, Brazzaville, 1911. 97 Girard, ‚Brazzaville‘, thirty-six. 98 Mandat-Grancey, Au Congo, 182. 99 Veistroffer, Vingt arts, 103; Baratier, Au Congo, 121. one hundred Colonel Moll, Une dme de- colonial: lettres du Lieutenant-Colonel Moll (Paris, Emile-Paul, 1912), 10; Deschamps, De Bordeaux au Tchad, 22-5; Frey, ‚Brazzaville‘, 44-6; Girard, ‚Brazzaville‘, 32-3, 3 8 ^ 0 . 101 To own metropolitan architecture in the colonial Africa, look for, Philip D. Betts, Uncertain dimensions: west to another country empires throughout the twentieth-century (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Drive, 1985), 114-46; Odile Goerg, ‚Reflexion sur l’architecture europeenne le enough time de la cote africaine a partir de- l’exemple de- los angeles Guinee‘, inside Almeida-Topor and you can Riesz (eds.), Rencontres franco-allemandes en ce qui concerne VAfrique, 81-92; and you can Gwendolyn Wright, ‚Tradition on solution out-of modernity: buildings and you can urbanism inside the French colonial plan, 1900-1930‘, Journal of contemporary Record, 59 (June 1987), 291-316. 102 Girard, ‚Brazzaville‘, 34. 103 Toward record and you will dependence on the Fourteenth out of July in the Brazzaville, see Phyllis Yards. Martin, ‚National vacations transformed: the brand new fourteenth away from July inside Brazzaville‘, report shown during the 30-7th annual meeting of your African Knowledge Relationship, Toronto, ps, ‚Rapport sur los angeles part de- Brazzaville‘. 105 Girard, ‚Brazzaville‘, thirty-six. 106 Speech of Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 337. 107 Gabrielle and Joseph Vassal, Franfais, Beige et Portugais durante Afrique Equatoriale (Paris: Pierre Roger, 1926), 42. 108 Headrick, ‚The feeling regarding colonialism with the health‘, 221. 109 Curtin, ‚Medical knowledge and you will metropolitan planning‘, 594-eight. 110 Ibid., 598-609; including Headrick, ‚The perception regarding colonialism towards health‘, 1cuatro3-4, 801-dos. 111 Bonchamps, ‚Rapport en ce qui concerne la area de- Brazzaville‘. 112 Frey, ‚Brazzaville‘, 44; Sautter, De- VAtlantique aufleuve Congo, vol. We, 398. 113 Challaye, Le Congo Franfais, 219. 114 JO, ps, ‚Rapport sur la part de Brazzaville‘; including AOM, 4(2)D1, Brazzaville Officer so you’re able to Administrator-General in Libreville, 13 July 1901. 116 Quoted inside the Headrick, ‚The impression off colonialism with the health‘, 383. 117 JO, 20 Could possibly get 1905. 118 AGPSE, 510BVI, Annual records ‚Oeuvres de- los angeles Sainte-Enfance‘, twenty four Oct 1901,1 January 1903,ten November 1912. 119 Girard, ‚Brazzaville‘, 42. Chikouangue are a mention of manioc bread. 120 AOM, TP152, initial collection, Mission Fillon, Declaration click to read of Meters. Henri on Brazzaville workforce, 1913. 121 Girard, ‚Brazzaville‘, 38-9.
Fehderau, The foundation and you may development of Kituba (Lingua Franca Kikongo) (Kisangani: Universite Libre du Congo, 1966) suggests that Kituba was a vocabulary for the slave trade; William J
122 AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Goal Diary, 30 Can get 1908; R. P. C. 123 Girard, ‚Brazzaville‘, 38-9. 124 Come across, eg, J.-P. Chretien and you will Grams. Prunier (eds.), Les ethnies ont une histoire (Paris: Karthala, 1989); Leroy Vail (ed.), The production of tribalism for the southern Africa (London: James Currey, 1989; Chris Grey, Adaptation and you can social term: the manufacture of national space from inside the rural France and you can colonial room during the outlying Gabon (Bloomington: Indiana College or university Focus on Globally Transform and you may Community Comfort, 1994); Terence Ranger, New development of society in the colonial Africa‘, inside the Hobsbawm and Ranger (eds.), New innovation of community, 211-62, that he possess changed as advancement away from customs reviewed: the outcome away from colonial Africa‘, from inside the Terence Ranger and you can Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Validity and also the county into the twentieth millennium Africa (London: Macmillan, 1993), 62-111. Throughout the change away from his article, Ranger could have been swayed, among others, because of the Benedict Anderson, Imagined teams: reflections toward roots and you may spread away from nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). 125 Harold W. Samarin, Brand new origins off Kituba and you may Lingala‘, Record out of African Dialects and you can Linguistics, several, step one (Sep 1991), 47-77, means that their diffusion is much more linked to overseas rail experts on lower Congo. 126 ASMF, Age l l . Brev fran Kongo, Lindgren so you can SMF, 18 Oct 1911; B and you can Age. zero. step one, Korr., Lindgren so you can SMF, 11 November 1911; F. no. step 1, Dagbok, twenty-two March 1914; Brev fran Kongo, G. An excellent. Hult so you can SMF, eleven January 1918. 127 Address regarding Governor-Standard Merlin, BCAF, ten (1910), 337. 128 Girard, ‚Brazzaville‘, 38-9; AOM, 4(2)D13, Statement on the Pond section, Brazzaville, Will get 1913. 129 Mumbansa mwa Bawele, ‚Y an excellent-t-il des Bangalas?‘ Zaire-Afrique, 78 (arin, ‚The roots out-of Kituba and Lingala‘, 47, 57-69, and you will ‚Bondjo ethnicity and colonial imagination‘, Canadian Record out-of African Knowledge, 18 (1984), 345-65. 130 ‚Brazzaville‘, BPSE, twenty five (1909-10), 511; AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Goal Record, 30 Could possibly get 1908,twenty five September 1910,step 1 December 1913. 131 Get a hold of sections 3 and 4. 132 Grillot, ‚Dans le Haut-Congo Francais‘, 139; ‚Brazzaville‘, BCPSE, 27 (1913-14), 55; P. Augouard, Quarante-quatre annees bien au Congo (Evreux: Poussin, 1934), 50, 72-3,105. 133 Girard,’Brazzaville‘, 30, 31. 134 AOM, 4(2)D5, Administrative statement, Moyen-Congo, September-November 1910. 135 Frederick Cooper, ‚Urban area, industrial time, and you will wage work for the Africa‘, inside the Endeavor into city, 23. 2 step 1