Qualities of the Research Members
The characteristics of the 102,216 participants are shown in Table 1 , and in Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix. Mean sodium excretion was estimated to be 4.93±1.73 g, and mean potassium excretion was estimated to be 2.12±0.60 g, with higher excretion in men than in women (P<0.001 for sodium and potassium).
Activities off Salt and Potassium Removal
Observed excretion from just one accelerated day pee specimen and you will estimated “usual” removal (immediately after adjustment having regression dilution prejudice) receive. To possess observed excretion, the fresh new imply (±SD) sodium removal was cuatro.93±step one.73 g each and every day; step 3.3% of professionals got sodium removal away from less than dos.29 g per day, and you may 0.6% away from players had sodium removal out of lower than step one.50 g a day. For estimated common removal, the imply sodium excretion are 4.90±step 1.17 grams every day; 0.2% away from participants got salt excretion regarding below 2.30 grams each day, and nothing had sodium excretion from lower than step 1.fifty g daily.
Overall, 43.5% of the population had an estimated sodium excretion of more than 5 g per day, 45.9% between 3 and 5 g per day, and 10.6% less than 3 g per farmers dating site day (3.3% had an excretion <2.3 g per day, and 0.6% <1.5 g per day). After adjustment for regression dilution bias, 2.1% of participants had an estimated sodium excretion of less than 3 g per day, and only 0.2% had excretion of less than 2.3 g per day ( Figure 1A ). Overall, 7.9% of participants had an estimated potassium excretion of more than 3 g per day ( Figure 1B ).
Estimated sodium excretion was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001), whereas estimated potassium excretion was higher in urban areas (P<0.001) (Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). Per capita gross national income was inversely associated with estimated sodium excretion and positively associated with estimated potassium excretion (P<0.001 for trends). Mean estimated sodium excretion ranged from 3.78 g per day in Malaysia to 5.59 g per day in China. Mean estimated potassium excretion ranged from 1.70 g per day in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) to 2.46 g per day in Canada and Europe (Poland and Sweden).
Urinary Salt Removal and you may Blood pressure level
Alterations in blood pressure are provided to possess sodium excretion out of shorter than simply step 3 g each and every day, removal out-of three to five g a-day, and removal of greater than 5 g every day. Individuals having really lowest otherwise extremely high salt excretion come from the contour. In Asia, 218 individuals having removal out-of lower than 2 g everyday was basically as part of the classification which have excretion regarding dos.00 to dos.99 grams each and every day, and you will 482 people that have excretion of more than eleven g for every time was included in the group with excretion out of grams or more just about every day. Far away, 235 persons that have removal from nine.00 so you’re able to 9.99 g a day and you can 112 people which have removal away from ten g or maybe more everyday was in fact included in the classification which have removal away from 8.00 to 8.99 g just about every day. I bars mean 95% count on periods.
After adjusting for covariates, we found a significant positive association between estimated sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) and between estimated sodium excretion and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) ( Figure 2A and 2B ). For each 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion, there was an increment of 1.46 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (P<0.001) and an increment of 0.54 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). After correcting for regression dilution bias and adjusting for covariates, we observed a steeper slope (a larger increment in blood pressure for a 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion) for the association between estimated usual sodium excretion and blood pressure, with an increment of 2.11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure per gram and an increment of 0.78 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure per gram (P<0.001 for both comparisons).